Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Short‑lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

In recent decades, surface air temperature (SAT) data from Global reanalyses points to
maximum warming over the northern Barents area. However, a scarcity of observations …

The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted 1 using
ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …