Macrophages become activated initiating innate immune responses. Depending on the
signals, macrophages obtain an array of activation phenotypes, described by the broad …

The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes.
However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase …

Despite development in the understanding of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury
(ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the underlying mechanism still needs to …

Atherosclerosis and its attendant clinical complications, such as myocardial infarction,
stroke, and peripheral artery disease, are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in …

Allergic asthma is associated with airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
Macrophage polarization has been shown to have a profound impact on asthma …

Monocytes and macrophages are important components of the immune system, specialized
in either removing pathogens as part of innate immunity or contributing to adaptive immunity …

Improving the immunomodulatory efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through
pretreatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines is an evolving field of investigation. However …

Background Within the last few years, it has become evident that LPS-preconditioned
mesenchymal stromal cells (LPS pre-MSCs) show enhanced paracrine effects, including …

Exosomes are served as substitutes for stem cell therapy, playing important roles in
mediating heart repair during myocardial infarction injury. Evidence have indicated that …

Macrophages, the central mediators of innate immune responses, being in the first-line of
defense, they have to readily respond to pathogenic or tissue damage signals to initiate the …