Since its conception two decades ago, the Th1-Th2 paradigm has provided a framework for
understanding T cell biology and the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity. Naive T cells …

Recent epidemiologic studies indicate that leishmaniasis in the Americas is far more
abundant and of greater public health importance than was previously recognized. The …

IL-17–producing CD4+ T helper (Th17) cells have recently been defined as a unique subset
of proinflammatory helper cells whose development depends on signaling initiated by IL-6 …

We purified poly (A)+ mRNA from the spleen and lymph nodes at designated times after
infection with Leishmania major in genetically susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 …

Publisher Summary Because cytokine functions are complex and overlapping, the
development of precise, monospecific bioassays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent …

CD4 effector T cells, also called helper T (Th) cells, are the functional cells for executing
immune functions. Balanced immune responses can only be achieved by proper regulation …

The expression of interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) by
lymphocyte subsets was examined during infection of resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible …

Cell-mediated, but not antibody-mediated, immune responses protect humans against
certain pathogens that produce chronic diseases such as leishmaniasis. Effective …

BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major develop fatal, progressive disease, despite an
immune response characterized by expansion of CD4+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of the immune response to Leishmania,
with particular reference to the cutaneous disease caused by L. major. Leishmaniasis is …