For the past 400 years, astronomers have sought to observe and interpret the Universe by
building more powerful telescopes. These incredible instruments extend the capabilities of …

The nature and structure of the observed east-west flows on Jupiter and Saturn have been a
long-standing mystery in planetary science. This mystery has been recently unraveled by the …

Planetary-scale giant storms erupt on Saturn quasiperiodically. There have been at least six
recorded occurrences of past eruptions, and the most recent one was in 2010, with its whole …

Recent observations of the super-Earth GJ 1214b show that it has a relatively featureless
transmission spectrum. One suggestion is that these observations indicate that the planet's …

The global energy budget is pivotal to understanding planetary evolution and climate
behaviors. Assessing the energy budget of giant planets, particularly those with large …

Jupiter's banded cloud layer hosts spots of various sizes. The bands are defined by
eastward and westward jet streams and the spots correspond to vortices, predominantly …

The atmospheres of the four giant planets of our Solar System share a common and well-
observed characteristic: they each display patterns of planetary banding, with regions of …

Lightning discharges in Saturn's atmosphere emit radio waves with intensities about 10,000
times stronger than those of their terrestrial counterparts. These radio waves are the …

Radio observations of the atmospheres of the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune have provided invaluable constraints on atmospheric dynamics, physics/chemistry …

Planetary stratospheres are characterized by a subtle interplay between dynamics, radiation
and chemistry. Observations of Saturn's stratosphere have revealed a semi-annual …