Cholangiocarcinoma is a disease entity comprising diverse epithelial tumours with features
of cholangiocyte differentiation: cholangiocarcinomas are categorized according to …

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become one of the most promising
approaches in the field of cancer therapy. Unlike the current therapies that target tumor cells …

Background Abundant evidence shows that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is
heterogeneous, and many efforts have been devoted to identifying TNBC subtypes on the …

Combination cancer immunotherapy has shown promising potential for simultaneously
eliciting antitumor immunity and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor …

Recent technological advancements in testing and monitoring instrumentation have greatly
contributed to the progress in cancer treatment by surgical, chemotherapeutic and …

No predictive biomarkers can robustly identify patients with non–small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) who will benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies. Here, in a …

Immunological tolerance of tumors is characterized by insufficient infiltration of cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTLs) and immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumor. Tumor resistance …

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a checkpoint receptor expressed on the surface
of various immune cells. PD-L1, the natural receptor for PD-1, is mainly expressed in tumor …

Purpose: The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors strengthens the notion that tumor
growth and regression are immune regulated. To determine whether distinct tissue immune …

Background Steroids are frequently used in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung
cancer (mNSCLC), but they could be detrimental for patients treated with immune …