Strategies for unlocking immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment have been
investigated to overcome resistance to first-generation immune checkpoint blockade with …

The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological
processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is
activated by small molecules provided by the diet, microorganisms, metabolism, and …

Background & Aims Based largely on results from preclinical studies, the concept of a brain
gut microbiome axis has been established, mediating bidirectional communication between …

Regulatory and functional aspects of the kynurenine (K) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp)
degradation are reviewed. The KP accounts for~ 95% of dietary Trp degradation, of which …

Inflammation aims to restore tissue homeostasis after injury or infection. Age-related decline
of tissue homeostasis causes a physiological low-grade chronic inflammatory phenotype …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase
(TDO) are tryptophan catabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into …

Interleukin 6 (IL-6), promptly and transiently produced in response to infections and tissue
injuries, contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase responses …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting metabolic enzyme that
converts the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) into downstream catabolites known as …

Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour
immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator …