The growing salience of intellectual property (IP) rights has reconfigured US science, shifting
it from the formerly separate realms of university and commercial science to an increasingly …

Importance Medical research is a prerequisite of clinical advances, while health service
research supports improved delivery, access, and cost. Few previous analyses have …

ABSTRACT A spate of recent scandals concerning personal digital data illustrates the extent
to which innovation and finance are thoroughly entangled with one another. The innovation …

Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of human beings are still
condemned to life long severe poverty, with all its attendant evils of low life expectancy …

Biology and politics have converged today across much of the industrialized world. Debates
about genetically modified organisms, cloning, stem cells, animal patenting, and new …

Recombinant technology has been around for nearly three quarters of a century and has
revolutionized protein therapy. However, the cost of developing recombinant therapeutic …

Since the early 1980s, universities in the United States have greatly expanded their
patenting and licensing activities. The Congressional Joint Economic Committee, among …

135 USC?? 100-376 (2000). 2See, eg, id.? 103 (b)(2000)(special nonobviousness provision
for biotechnology).'Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 US 303, 309 (1980)(citing S. Rep. No. 82 …

Recent initiatives by a number of OECD governments suggest considerable interest in
emulating the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, a piece of legislation that is widely credited with …

The standard justification for intellectual property is ex ante: the goal of intellectual property
is to influence behavior that occurs before the right comes into being. It is the prospect of the …