Cellular stress induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins at
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a possible driver of human diseases …

Apoptosis is a sequential order of cell death occurring regularly to ensure a homeostatic
balance between the rate of cell formation and cell death. However, a misplaced of this …

In vitro studies have associated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) with anti-inflammatory
macrophages, whereas pro-inflammatory macrophages rely on glycolysis. However, the …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that fosters the correct folding
of linear polypeptides and proteins, a process tightly governed by the ER‐resident enzymes …

Apoptosis is a form of cell death by which the body maintains the homeostasis of the internal
environment. Apoptosis is an initiative cell death process that is controlled by genes and is …

The secretory capacity of a cell is constantly challenged by physiological demands and
pathological perturbations. To adjust and match the protein-folding capacity of the …

The global epidemic of obesity has been accompanied by a rising burden of non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with manifestations ranging from simple steatosis to non …

Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways have been successfully targeted to inhibit
proliferation and angiogenesis for cancer therapy. However, kinase deregulation has been …

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common heart disease and the leading cause of
cardiovascular death. Apoptosis and autophagy are two forms of programmed cell deaths …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as a moving organelle with many important cellular
functions. As the ER lacks sufficient nutrients under pathological conditions leading to …