The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is a central signaling
pathway that regulates a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including mainly …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by insufficient dopamine
production due to the loss of 50% to 70% of dopaminergic neurons. A shortage of dopamine …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated
α-synuclein (α-syn) into intraneuronal inclusions named Lewy bodies (LBs). Although it is …

The understanding of how different cell types adapt their metabolism in the face of
challenges has been attracting the attention of researchers for many years. Recently …

Rationale: Endothelial injury is an initial mechanism mediating cardiovascular disease.
Objective: Here, we investigated the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on programed cell …

Macrophages are immune system cells that respond to various pathogenic insults. The
recognition of antigens is performed through receptors such as TLR4 and RAGE, which …

Smoking is associated with a wide variety of adverse health outcomes including cancer,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression, and heart disease …

Alveolar macrophages are essential for clearing bacteria from the alveolar surface and
preventing microbe-induced infections. It is well documented that smokers have an …

Intracellular signaling by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPK) is involved in
many cellular responses and in the regulation of various physiological and pathological …

We studied human cancer cell models in which we detected constitutive activation of ERK. A
fraction of active ERK was found to be located in mitochondria in RWPE-2 cells, obtained by …