Diversity and plasticity are the hallmarks of cells from the monocyte–macrophage lineage.
Macrophages undergo classical M1 or alternative M2 activation in response to the …

Pathogenic bacteria cause various infections worldwide, especially in immunocompromised
and other susceptible individuals, and are also associated with high infant mortality rates in …

Exosomes from cancer cells or immune cells, carrying bio-macromolecules or long non-
coding RNAs (lncRNAs), participate in tumor pathogenesis and progression by modulating …

Emerging evidence indicates that cancer cell-derived exosomes contribute to cancer
progression through the modulation of tumor microenvironment, but the underlying …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded non-coding RNA sequences that
posttranscriptionally regulate up to 60% of protein encoding genes. Evidence is emerging …

Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens antagonize anti-bacterial immunity through
translocated effector proteins that inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, the …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), a leading
infectious disease of humans worldwide. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of TB …

Non-coding RNAs have emerged as critical regulators of the immune response to infection.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which regulate host defense mechanisms …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major
global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected …

It is often difficult to regain neurological function following spinal cord injury (SCI).
Neuroinflammation is thought to be responsible for this failure. Regulating the inflammatory …