Background Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder with a strong genetic component.
There are rare monogenic forms of migraine, as well as more common polygenic forms; …

Astrocytes are essential for normal brain development and functioning. They respond to
brain injury and disease through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, where the …

The specific loss of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDANs) causes major motor dysfunction
in Parkinson's disease, which makes cell replacement a promising therapeutic approach …

ABSTRACT Background The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is only partially
understood despite the fact that environmental causes, risk factors, and specific gene …

Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-βs) are known as multifunctional growth factors that
participate in the regulation of key events of development, disease, and tissue repair. In the …

It is widely held that schizophrenia involves an active process of peripheral inflammation that
induces or reflects brain inflammation with activation of microglia, the brain's resident …

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry bioactive molecules associated with various
biological processes, including miRNAs. In both Huntington's disease (HD) models and …

Abstract Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by
mutations in TSC1 or TSC2, which encode proteins that negatively regulate mTOR complex …

Non‐neural extracellular matrix (ECM) has limited application in humanized physiological
neural modeling due to insufficient brain‐specificity and safety concerns. Although brain …

Background There are sex-specific differences in the prevalence, symptomology and course
of psychiatric disorders. However, preclinical models have primarily used males, such that …