In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or
inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

“Stem-like” TCF1+ CD8+ T (TSL) cells are necessary for long-term maintenance of T cell
responses and the efficacy of immunotherapy, but, as tumors contain signals that should …

Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse
immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within …

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections
and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory …

Type I interferons (IFNs) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that are rapidly induced in different
cell types during viral infections. The consequences of type I IFN signalling include direct …

Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections place an immense burden on health care systems
and pose particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Infection with HIV is the most …

T cell exhaustion often occurs during chronic infection and prevents optimal viral control.
The molecular pathways involved in T cell exhaustion remain poorly understood. Here we …

Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many
acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior …

Inhibitory receptors play a crucial role in regulating CD8 T-cell function during chronic viral
infection. T-cell Ig-and mucin-domain–containing molecule–3 (Tim-3) is well known to …