The disks that orbit young stars are the essential conduits and reservoirs of material for star
and planet formation. Their structures, meaning the spatial variations of the disk physical …

In this chapter we will discuss the evolution of dust in protoplanetary disks, focusing on the
processes of grain growth and the observational consequences of this process. In the …

A large fraction of the protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA display multiple well-
defined and nearly perfectly circular rings in the continuum, in many cases with substantial …

Aims. Recent observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of
disks around young stars revealed distinct asymmetries in the dust continuum emission. In …

The solid content of circumstellar disks is inherited from the interstellar medium: dust
particles of at most a micrometer in size. Protoplanetary disks are the environment where …

Turbulence is a fundamental parameter in models of grain growth during the early stages of
planet formation. As such, observational constraints on its magnitude are crucial. Here we …

Turbulence can transport angular momentum in protoplanetary disks and influence the
growth and evolution of planets. With spatially and spectrally resolved molecular emission …

Rapid orbital drift of macroscopic dust particles is one of the major obstacles to planetesimal
formation in protoplanetary disks. We re-examine this problem by considering the porosity …

Context. The sticking of micron-sized dust particles caused by surface forces within
circumstellar disks is the first stage in the production of asteroids and planets. The key …

Aims. We attempt to explain grain growth to mm sized particles and their retention in the
outer regions of protoplanetary disks, as observed at sub-mm and mm wavelengths, by …