Importance The magnitude and variability of cytokine alterations in depression are not clear.
Objective To perform an up to date meta-analysis of mean differences of immune markers in …

Predicting antidepressant treatment response has been a clinical challenge for major
depressive disorder (MDD). The inflammation hypothesis of depression suggests that …

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD) have all been
associated with aberrant blood cytokine levels; however, neither the pattern of cytokine …

Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is a leading psychiatric illness across the world,
severely affects quality of life and causes an increased incidence of suicide. Evidence from …

Major life stressors, especially those involving interpersonal stress and social rejection, are
among the strongest proximal risk factors for depression. In this review, we propose a …

The depressive state has been characterised as one of elevated inflammation, which holds
promise for better understanding treatment-resistance in affective disorders as well as for …

Mounting evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of
depression in both medically ill and medically healthy individuals. Cytokines are important …

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is associated with immune system dysfunction, including
aberrant cytokine levels. We performed a meta-analysis of these associations, considering …

Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα),
interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 beta (IL-1β), are elevated in subjects with major depressive …

Objective: To assess the magnitude and direction of associations of depression with C-
reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in community and clinical samples …