TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are preferred immune cells for targeting cancer.
During cancer progression, CTLs encounter dysfunction and exhaustion due to …

The tumor microenvironment is proposed to contribute substantially to the progression of
cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most …

Stroma is a poorly defined non-parenchymal component of virtually every organ with key
roles in organ development, homeostasis, and repair. Studies of the bone marrow stroma …

Alteration in the density and composition of extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs in tumors. The
alterations toward both stiffness and degradation are contributed to tumor growth and …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy for
the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, in patients with solid tumors …

Tumor cells exist in close proximity with non-malignant cells. Extensive and multilayered
crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells tailors the tumor microenvironment (TME) to …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundantly present in the microenvironment of
virtually all tumors and strongly impact tumor progression. Despite increasing insight into …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles derived from different
cell sources, are used as promising nanovesicles for delivering therapeutic microRNAs …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a low number of T‐cell population under normal
conditions, and they play key roles for maintaining immune system in homeostasis. The …