Woese and Fox's 1977 paper on the discovery of the Archaea triggered a revolution in the
field of evolutionary biology by showing that life was divided into not only prokaryotes and …

Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their
activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin …

In all organisms, innate immune pathways sense infection and rapidly activate potent
immune responses while avoiding inappropriate activation (autoimmunity). In humans, the …

Ribosomes that stall while translating cytosolic proteins are incapacitated by incomplete
nascent chains, termed “arrest peptides”(APs) that are destroyed by the ubiquitin …

Choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, can provide unique insights into
the changes in gene content that preceded the origin of animals. However, only two …

Ubiquitination pathways have crucial roles in protein homeostasis, signalling and innate
immunity,–. In these pathways, an enzymatic cascade of E1, E2 and E3 proteins conjugates …

Histones and associated chromatin proteins have essential functions in eukaryotic genome
organization and regulation. Despite this fundamental role in eukaryotic cell biology, we lack …

Targeted protein degradation refers to the use of small molecules to induce the selective
degradation of proteins. In its most common form, this degradation is achieved through …

UFMylation involves the covalent modification of substrate proteins with UFM1 (Ubiquitin‐
fold modifier 1) and is important for maintaining ER homeostasis. Stalled translation triggers …

Which genomic innovations underpinned the origin of multicellular animals is still an open
debate. Here, we investigate this question by reconstructing the genome architecture and …