Objective Increased muscle co-contraction of the agonist and antagonist muscles during
voluntary movement is commonly observed in the upper limbs of stroke survivors. Much …

Electromyographic (EMG) raw signals are sensitive to intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Consequently, EMG normalization is required to draw proper interpretations of standardized …

Objective Spastic co-contraction is a motor-disabling form of muscle overactivity occurring
after a stroke, contributing to a limitation in active movement and a certain level of motor …

Objective Stroke results in limitation of active range of motion involving antagonist co-
contraction. The analysis of brain-muscle connectivity can be used to deepen understanding …

Persons post-stroke experience excessive muscle co-contraction, and consequently the arm
functions are compromised during the activities of daily living. Therefore, identifying …

Objective To assess the effects of diagnostic nerve block and selective tibial neurotomy on
spasticity and co-contractions in patients with spastic equinovarus foot. Methods Among 317 …

Background Stroke alters muscle co-activation and notably leads to exaggerated antagonist
co-contraction responsible for impaired motor function. However, the mechanisms …

Background Movement smoothness is a potential kinematic biomarker of upper extremity
(UE) movement quality and recovery after stroke; however, the measurement properties of …

Introduction Stroke survivors have challenges appropriately coordinating the multiple
muscles, resulting in a deficit in motor control. Therefore, comprehending the mechanism …

Spastic equinus foot is a common deformity in neurologic patients who compromise walking
ability. It is related to the imbalance between weak dorsiflexion and overactive plantar flexor …