In this paper, we review the use of satellite-based remote sensing in combination with in situ
data to inform Earth surface modelling. This involves verification and optimization methods …

Abstract Purpose of Review The observed substantial loss of Arctic sea ice has raised
prospects of a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean within the foreseeable future. In this review …

GLORYS12 is a global eddy-resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis at 1/12°
horizontal resolution covering the 1993-present altimetry period, designed and implemented …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6
models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational …

The ECMWF OCEAN5 system is a global ocean and sea-ice ensemble of reanalysis and
real-time analysis. This paper gives a full description of the OCEAN5 system, with the focus …

Since 19 October 2016, and in the framework of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring
Service (CMEMS), Mercator Ocean has delivered real-time daily services (weekly analyses …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Alessandri, A., F. Catalano, M. De Felice, B. Van Den Hurk, F. Doblas Reyes, S. Boussetta,
G. Balsamo, and PA Miller, 2017: Multi-scale enhancement of climate prediction over land …

The oceans regulate our weather and climate from global to regional scales. They absorb
over 90% of accumulated heat in the climate system (IPCC Citation 2013) and over a quarter …