Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a
rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those …

Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus,
the long‐held and well‐supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza …

Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since
July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent …

Recent outbreaks involving enveloped viruses, such as Ebola virus, have raised questions
regarding the persistence of enveloped viruses in the water environment. Efforts have been …

OBJECTIVES: The relative importance of airborne, droplet and contact transmission of
influenza A virus and the efficiency of control measures depends among other factors on the …

Background Wild birds may harbor and transmit viruses that are potentially pathogenic to
humans, domestic animals, and other wildlife. Results Using the viral metagenomic …

Several recent high profile outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Ebola and avian influenzas
draw attention to the continued risk of a deadly viral pandemic. In general, these enveloped …

This document addresses the potential impacts of climatic change on the aquaculture sector
and to a lesser extent the contribution of aquaculture to climate change. In order to achieve …

Enveloped viruses are characterized by a lipid-containing envelope that encapsulates the
virion, and they have been the cause of major outbreaks and pandemics. Some enveloped …

Influenza A virus strains adopt different host specificities mainly depending on their
hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Via HA, the virus binds sialic acid receptors of the host cell and …