Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the “sensors” in the immune response, play a
prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and …

Lepidopteran insects have potent innate immunity to fight against the invading pathogens.
As the initiation step, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and bind microbial …

C-type lectins (CTLs) are a family of carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD)-containing
proteins that bind to ligands in a calcium-dependent manner. CTLs act as important …

Hemolin is an immunoglobulin-like peptide that plays crucial role in microbial pathogen
surveillance. However, its specific molecular actions in immune responses remain largely …

Simple Summary Lectins are proteins that can recognize and selectively bind specific sugar
structures. These proteins are present in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, fungi …

Parasitoids are widespread in natural ecosystems and normally equipped with diverse viral
factors to defeat host immune responses. On the other hand, parasitoids can enhance the …

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, which destroys many economic crops such as
rice and maize, has recently invaded China. Insect viruses as biological control agents play …

As an invasive pest, the complete and effective innate immune system is crucial for the nipa
palm hispid beetle Octodonta nipae (Maulik) to adjust to new environments. C-type lectins …

C-type lectins (CTLs) are a superfamily of Ca 2+-dependent carbohydrate-recognition
proteins, and an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in insect innate immunity …

Simple Summary Non-model insect species such as B. rossius suffer from a profound gap of
knowledge regarding the temporal progression of physiological responses following the …