Ion-transporting microbial rhodopsins are widely used as major molecular tools in
optogenetics. They are categorized into light-gated ion channels and light-driven ion pumps …

Microbial rhodopsins are the family of retinal-containing proteins that perform primarily the
light-driven transmembrane ion transport and sensory functions. They are widely distributed …

Electrophysiological approaches to the study of the activity of retinal-containing protein
bacteriorhodopsin (bR) or other proteins of this family are based usually on measurements …

A retinal protein from Exiguobacterium sibiricum (ESR) functions as a light-driven proton
pump. Unlike other proton pumps, it contains Lys96 instead of a usual carboxylic residue in …

The proton pumping cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is initiated when the retinal
chromophore with the 13-trans configuration is photo-isomerized into the 13-cis …

Hampered by the absence of evidence and theoretical model of biological semiconductors,
the unidirectional electron transport via the pn junction between functional proteins and …

Microbial rhodopsins comprise a diverse family of retinal-containing membrane proteins that
convert absorbed light energy to transmembrane ion transport or sensory signals …

The archaeon Halobacterium salinarum can grow phototrophically with only light as its
energy source. It uses the retinal containing and light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is an excellent light‐driven proton pump and plays a vital role in
chemical and biological analytical processes, such as maintaining osmotic balance …

The chapter describes transformation of light energy by retinal-containing proteins. Special
attention is given to the mechanism of functioning of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin …