The main findings of studies of the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Finland (GoF)
during 1997–2007 are reviewed. The aim is to discuss relevant updates published in …

Merchant vessels often require icebreaker (IB) assistance to create safe pathways and
improve efficiency when navigating in the Baltic Sea. Since IB resources are limited, an …

Year-round shipping is becoming common in the Canadian Arctic, a region rich in
increasingly accessible natural resources. Currently, an average of two round-trip winter …

The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered marginal sea located in a densely populated
area in northern Europe. Severe sea ice conditions have the potential to hinder the intense …

The effective model test methods of a square-type ice model basin in pack ice conditions
were developed. Three individual pack ice channels, each with different concentrations of …

Growing interest in finding the optimal route through the arctic ocean, and sea ice
concentration is also emerging as a factor to be considered. In this paper, an algorithm to …

The collision between sea ice and ship is a serious threat to navigation safety. However, the
idea of using vibration data generated from ship-ice collisions to obtain physical information …

We review highlights of the studies of physical oceanography of the Gulf of Finland, the
Baltic Sea, in 1997–2007 that serve, or can be interpreted, as evidence of shifts or changes …

Sea ice seriously endangers the safe navigation of ships at sea. Therefore, it is the key to
accurately judge the type of sea ice around the ship. However, remote sensing technology …

This paper is the second of two papers that present, discusses and processes the results
from experiments where ice abrasion properties of concrete were investigated in relation to …