The occurrence of elevated concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water supply in many
regions of the world has caused widespread prevalence of dental and skeletal fluorosis. In …

1.1. Fluoride in Water Water is an essential natural resource for sustaining life. Water is
certainly not free everywhere. However, chemical composition of surface or subsurface is …

Fluoride in drinking water has a profound effect on teeth and bones. Up to a small level (1–
1.5 mg/L) this strengthens the enamel. Concentrations in the range of 1.5–4mg/L result in …

Fluoride concentration in drinking water has become a global challenge due to its effects on
the human body. While small level (1–1.5 mg· L− 1) strengthens enamel and bone …

Rainwater is a naturally occurring potentially clean source of water. There has been an
increased interest in rainwater harvesting (RWH) in both developing and developed nations …

Arusha aquifers have been exploited intensively serving as the main source of domestic
water supply in the city. But the quality of groundwater is not clearly documented for future …

Over two billion people live in tropical lands. Most of them live in intimate contact with the
immediate geological environment, obtaining their food and water directly from it. The …

Groundwater is the most appropriate and widely used source of drinking water for many
rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies reveal that in some of the boreholes, F …

Fluoride (F) contamination in groundwater affects millions of people across the world.
Although several sorbents have been identified for low-cost F removal, the choice of the …

Fluorosis is a widespread disease related to ingestion of high levels of fluorine through
water and food. Although sometimes of anthropogenic origin, high levels of fluorine are …