Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are heavily used in industrial control systems,
because of their high capacity of simultaneous input/output processing capabilities …

Abstract Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are widely used in the industry for various
industrial automation tasks. Besides non-safety applications, the usage of PLCs became …

Automated and effective testing for function block diagram (FBD) programs has become an
important issue, as FBD is increasingly used in implementing safety‐critical systems. This …

Hyperproperties relate multiple computation traces to each other. Model checkers for
hyperproperties thus return, in case a system model violates the specification, a set of traces …

Thorough verification is a part of the design process of instrumentation and control systems if
they must comply with crucial safety requirements. Model checking can be applied to the …

Model checkers provide algorithms for proving that a mathematical model of a system
satisfies a given specification. In case of a violation, a counterexample that shows the …

Model checking is a proven, effective method for verifying instrumentation and control
system application logics. If a model of the system being verified does not satisfy a …

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are increasingly being used to realize modern safety-
critical instrumentation and control (I&C) applications. Examples of these applications are …

Model checking is a powerful formal verification method that can also be used to evaluate
PLC software. A lot of manual work and some expertise are still needed. Proposed methods …

The PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) has been widely used to implement real-time
controllers in nuclear RPSs (Reactor Protection Systems). Increasing complexity and …