Marine protected areas (MPAs) are globally important environmental management tools that
provide protection from the effects of human exploitation and activities, supporting the …

Here we review the population, community, and evolutionary consequences of marine
reserves. Responses at each level depend on the tendency of fisheries to target larger body …

Posidonia oceanica meadows are declining at alarming rates due to climate change and
human activities. Although P. oceanica is considered the most important and well-studied …

Restricting human activities through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is assumed to create
more resilient biological communities with a greater capacity to resist and recover following …

Trophic downgrading destabilizes ecosystems and can drive large‐scale shifts in ecosystem
state. While restoring predatory interactions in marine reserves can reverse anthropogenic …

Protection from direct human impacts can safeguard marine life, yet ocean warming crosses
marine protected area boundaries. Here, we test whether protection offers resilience to …

In the Anthropocene, marine ecosystems are rapidly shifting to new ecological states.
Achieving effective conservation of marine biodiversity has become a fast‐moving target …

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools to mitigate human impacts in coastal
environments, promoting sustainable activities to conserve biodiversity. The designation of …

Biodiversity is a portmanteau word to indicate the variety of life at all levels from genes to
ecosystems, but it is often simplistically equated to species richness; the word ecodiversity …

As a response to increasing human pressures on marine ecosystems, the legislation aimed
at improving the conservation and management of marine coastal areas in European and …