Importance The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has significantly …

Background Combined immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) provides unprecedented efficacy
gains in numerous cancer indications, with PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab plus CTLA-4 inhibitor …

Aims PD‐1 inhibitors facilitate immune response against certain tumour types, including
melanoma. These drugs have led to prolonged survival but can also result in autoimmune …

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased in recent decades, and
its 5-year survival rate is less than 20%. As a well-established precursor, patients with …

Introduction: Biological drugs are therapies designed to target a specific molecule of the
immune system that have been linked with the development of autoimmune diseases. Areas …

Hypophysitis is a rare condition characterised by inflammation of the pituitary gland, usually
resulting in hypopituitarism and pituitary enlargement. Pituitary inflammation can occur as a …

Background Programmed death receptor-1 blocking antibodies (anti-PD1) are a new
standard of care in many cancer types. Patients benefit from improved survival but have the …

Immunotherapy has emerged in recent years and has revolutionized the treatment of cancer.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), anti …

Background Systemic immune side effects including pancreatitis have been reported with
the use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI)(CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL-1). However, the true …

With over 100000 hospital admissions per annum, acute pancreatitis remains the leading
gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization in the United States and has far-reaching impact …