Fatty liver diseases can result from common metabolic diseases, as well as from xenobiotic
exposure and excessive alcohol use, all of which have been shown to exert toxic effects on …

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2, also called Nfe2l2) is a transcription
factor that regulates the cellular redox status. Nrf2 is controlled through a complex …

The complex role of NRF2 in the context of cancer continues to evolve. As a transcription
factor, NRF2 regulates various genes involved in redox homeostasis, protein degradation …

Systematic consideration of scientific support is a critical element in developing and,
ultimately, using adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for various regulatory applications …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor belonging to the basic helix‐
loop‐helix/PER‐ARNT‐SIM family. It is activated by a variety of ligands, such as …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive liver disease with ever‐growing
incidence in the industrialized world. It starts with the simple accumulation of lipids in the …

Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with three existing isoenzymes
(TrxR1, TrxR2, and TrxR3), which is found primarily intracellularly but also in extracellular …

Traditionally, xenobiotic receptors are known for their role in chemical sensing and
detoxification, as receptor activation regulates the expression of various key enzymes and …

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disorder that still demands improved
treatment. Understanding the pathogenesis of NASH will help to develop novel approaches …

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an obesity-associated collection of disorders, each of which
contributes to cardiovascular risk. For patients with MS, it is difficult to follow a diet/exercise …