Despite the rising global incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, CNS drug
development remains challenging, with high costs, long pathways to clinical use and high …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive
memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized
microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the …

Increasing attention has been paid to the diseases of central nervous system (CNS). The
penetration efficiency of most CNS drugs into the brain parenchyma is rather limited due to …

Therapies targeting late events in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including aggregation of
amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, have largely failed, probably because they …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates molecular trafficking, protects against pathogens,
and prevents efficient drug delivery to the brain. Models to date failed to reproduce the …

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex multi-cellular structure consisting of endothelial
cells (ECs), neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and pericytes. Each component is …

Brain macrophages include microglia in the parenchyma, border-associated macrophages
in the meningeal-choroid plexus-perivascular space, and monocyte-derived macrophages …

Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is
ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in maintaining the specialized
microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS), and enabling communication with …