Pain is a hallmark of tissue injury, inflammatory diseases, pathogen invasion and
neuropathy. It is mediated by nociceptor sensory neurons that innervate the skin, joints …

Interactions between the nervous and immune systems enable the gut to respond to the
variety of dietary products that it absorbs, the broad spectrum of pathogens that it …

The enteric nervous system is largely autonomous, and the central nervous system is
compartmentalized behind the blood-brain barrier. Yet the intestinal microbiota shapes gut …

The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the
causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that …

The acute phase response Infection The acute phase response is the answer of the
organism Tissue injury to disturbances of its homeostasis due to infection, tissue …

The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During
an immune response the brain and the immune system “talk to each other” and this process …

Psychological stress is a major provocative factor of symptoms in chronic inflammatory
conditions. In recent years, interest in addressing stress responsivity through meditation …

The central nervous system (CNS) regulates innate immune responses through hormonal
and neuronal routes. The neuroendocrine stress response and the sympathetic and …

Recent evidence indicates that glucocorticoids and catecholamines, the major stress
hormones, inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‐12 …

I. Introduction THE existence of mechanisms that provide immunity to an infective agent was
inferred from empirical observations obtained through the ingenuity and deductive capacity …