Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Plants possess an effective immune system to combat most microbial attackers. The
activation of immune responses to biotrophic pathogens requires the hormone salicylic acid …

In plants, pathogen effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often leads to programmed cell death,
which is restricted by NPR1, an activator of systemic acquired resistance. However, the …

The transient elevation of cytoplasmic calcium is essential for pathogen-associated
molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). However, the calcium channels …

Highlights•Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and
disease.•Developmental PCD (dPCD) is prepared during the cellular differentiation of …

Plants utilize a two-tiered immune system consisting of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-
triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to defend themselves against …

Microbial patterns are recognized by cell-surface receptors to initiate pattern-triggered
immunity (PTI) in plants. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), such as BIK1, and …

Current crop production systems are prone to increasing pathogen pressure. Fundamental
understanding of molecular plant-pathogen interactions, the availability of crop and …

Plants lack the adaptive immune system possessed by mammals. Instead they rely on innate
immunity to defend against pathogen attacks. Genomes of higher plants encode a large …

Plants cope with the environment in a variety of ways, and ecological analyses attempt to
capture this through life-history strategies or trait-based categorization. These approaches …