Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature
tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are …

The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem
that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) …

The major challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are that drugs cannot target tumor
sites accurately and properly activate complex immune responses. Herein, we design and …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) greatly restricts the entry of biological and engineered
therapeutic molecules into the brain. Due to challenges in translating results from animal …

Multiorgan-on-a-chip (multi-OoC) platforms have great potential to redefine the way in which
human health research is conducted. After briefly reviewing the need for comprehensive …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a
lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in …

For the past century, experimental data obtained from animal studies have been required by
reviewers of scientific articles and grant applications to validate the physiological relevance …

The restrictive nature of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) creates a major challenge for brain
drug delivery with current nanomedicines lacking the ability to cross the BBB. Extracellular …

Analyses of drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) performed in
animals are often not predictive of drug PKs and PDs in humans, and in vitro PK and PD …

Cells derived from pluripotent sources in vitro must resemble those found in vivo as closely
as possible at both transcriptional and functional levels in order to be a useful tool for …