The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia was conceptualized about two decades ago in
an attempt to integrate two prominent theories of neurochemical imbalance that attribute the …

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with intrauterine growth
restriction (IUGR), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Results We found that the …

The increasing incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) worldwide poses serious social
and family problems. Various risk factors for ASD are gradually being recognized, and there …

New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) promises to offer a unique opportunity to enable
human-relevant safety decisions to be made without the need for animal testing in the …

Importance Greater caffeine consumption in pregnancy is associated with reduced birth size,
but potential associations with childhood growth are unclear. Objective To evaluate the …

Background In pregnancy, women are encouraged to cease smoking and limit caffeine
intake. We employed objective definitions of smoking and caffeine exposure to assess their …

Importance Women are recommended to limit caffeine consumption to less than 200 mg per
day based on risks to fetal health. Impacts of caffeine on maternal health remain unclear …

The intrauterine environment is a critical location for exposure to exogenous and
endogenous factors that trigger metabolic changes through fetal programming. Among the …

Food taboos encompass food restrictions practiced by a group that go beyond individual
preferences. During pregnancy and lactation, food taboos may contribute to inadequate …

Caffeine is a substance with central and metabolic effects. Although it is recommended that
its use be limited during pregnancy, many women continue to consume caffeine. Direct and …