Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the
innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers …

Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unparalleled pursuit of vaccines to induce specific
adaptive immunity, based on virus-neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. Although …

The existing vaccine paradigm assumes that vaccines only protect against the target
infection, that effective vaccines reduce mortality corresponding to the target infection's …

Infections in the first year of life are common and often severe. The newborn host
demonstrates both quantitative and qualitative differences to the adult in nearly all aspects of …

Trained immunity is a long-term increase in responsiveness of innate immune cells, induced
by certain infections and vaccines. During the last 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic …

Since the vast majority of species solely rely on innate immunity for host defense, it stands to
reason that a critical evolutionary trait like immunological memory evolved in this primitive …

Background BCG vaccine may reduce overall mortality by increasing resistance to
nontuberculosis infections. In 2 randomized trials in Guinea-Bissau of early BCG-Denmark …

Live attenuated vaccines could have beneficial, non-specific effects of protecting against
vaccine-unrelated infections, such as BCG protecting against respiratory infection. During …

Besides protection against specific microorganisms, vaccines can induce heterologous or
non-specific effects (NSE). Epidemiological data suggest that vaccination with live …