Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout
the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the …

Many proteins first identified in the immune system are also expressed in the developing
and adult nervous system. Unexpectedly, recent studies reveal that a number of these …

The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th
centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of …

Low grade neuroinflammation has been suggested as one of the underlying mechanisms of
many psychiatric diseases as well as cognitive disorders. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), a …

Although the brain has classically been considered “immune-privileged”, current research
suggests an extensive communication between the immune and nervous systems in both …

In recent years it has become clear that neuroinflammatory changes develop in the brain
with age and that similar, though more profound changes, occur in neurodegenerative …

Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used inhaled anesthetics due to its low blood gas
coefficient, fast onset, low airway irritation, and aromatic smell. However, recent studies have …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia is a neuroinflammatory
brain disorder that is fueled by viral infection and immune activation of brain mononuclear …

Exposure of Lead (Pb), a known neurotoxicant, can impair spatial learning and memory
probably via impairing the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) as well as …

Objective: To investigate the integrity of hippocampal-prefrontal circuitry during episodic
encoding in patients with HIV. Methods: Functional MRI was used to observe changes in …