Academically-focused learning activities beyond formal schooling are expanding in myriad
forms throughout the world. This diverse realm of learning activities includes private …

This study aims to map the literature on shadow education using metadata extracted from
488 publications indexed in the Web of Science database. It is termed as shadow education …

Cross-national research finds that “shadow education”—educational activities outside of
formal schooling—tends to confer advantages on already privileged students. Shadow …

The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic closed most Canadian public schools for six consecutive
months between March and September. This paper explores possible impacts of that …

Using American schools as a reference point, this book provides a comprehensive,
comparative description of schooling as a global institution. Each chapter develops a story …

This is the first study on private tutoring in Turkey. Private tutoring especially for the purpose
of preparing for the competitive university entrance examination is an important, widespread …

Does private tutoring increase parental choice and improve student achievement, or does it
exacerbate social inequalities and impose heavy costs on households, possibly without …

Private tutoring is a widespread phenomenon in many developing countries, including
Vietnam. Using the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys 1997–1998 and 1992–1993 for …

Today the achievement gap is hotly debated among pundits, politicians, and educators. In
particular this conversation often focuses on the two fastest-growing demographic groups in …

Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study, this study assessed the relevance of
shadow education to the high academic performance of East Asian American students by …