Urbanization is a severe form of habitat fragmentation that can cause many species to be
locally extirpated and many others to become trapped and isolated within an urban matrix …

The long-term decline of the black grouse population throughout Europe is influenced by
many factors that affect populations differently depending on the distribution range, from …

Semi-natural grassland areas expanded worldwide several thousand years ago following
an increase in anthropogenic activities. However, semi-natural grassland habitat areas have …

Simple Summary Inbreeding and low diversity in MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
genes can have a significant impact on the survival and quality of offspring in mammals. At …

Understanding the effects of landscape modification on gene flow of fauna is central to
informing conservation strategies that promote functional landscape connectivity and …

The capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is one of Poland's most endangered bird species, with an
estimated population of 380–500 individuals in four isolated areas. To study these natural …

As many other wild living species, black grouse Tetrao tetrix has to cope with anthropogenic
disturbances in many habitats. Impacts of tourism and outdoor recreation on grouse species …

In modern wildlife ecology, spatial population genetic methods are becoming increasingly
applied. Especially for animal species in fragmented landscapes, preservation of gene flow …

Across species, diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is critical to
individual disease resistance and, hence, to population health; however, MHC diversity can …

Many natural populations are likely to be impacted by increasing temperatures resulting
from climate change. The selection pressures exerted by these impacts may allow some …