This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, pharmacological, and brain
imaging studies in humans and animals that have provided insights into the neural circuitry …

The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary
bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and …

Mammalian ATP-gated nonselective cation channels (P2XRs) can be composed of seven
possible subunits, denoted P2X1 to P2X7. Each subunit contains a large ectodomain, two …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Purpose Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic pain syndrome
and a chronic inflammatory condition prevalent in women that leads to urgency, sleep …

The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra,
forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical …

The uroepithelium sits at the interface between the urinary space and underlying tissues,
where it forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute, and water flux, as well as pathogens …

The concept of a purinergic signaling system, using purine nucleotides and nucleosides as
extracellular messengers, was first proposed over 30 years ago. After a brief introduction …

Although the urinary bladder urothelium has classically been thought of as a passive barrier
to ions and solutes, a number of novel properties have been recently attributed to urothelial …

Storage and periodic expulsion of urine is regulated by a neural control system in the brain
and spinal cord that coordinates the reciprocal activity of two functional units in the lower …