Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during
biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process …

Mitochondrial respiration in plants provides energy for biosynthesis, and its balance with
photosynthesis determines the rate of plant biomass accumulation. We describe recent …

The term 'photosynthetic control'describes the short-and long-term mechanisms that regulate
reactions in the photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain so that the rate of production of …

Despite recent elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of major photosynthetic
complexes, our understanding of light energy conversion in plant chloroplasts and …

Following the acquisition of chloroplasts and mitochondria by eukaryotic cells during
endosymbiotic evolution, most of the genes in these organelles were either lost or …

The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize
specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological …

Mitochondria are key players in plant cell redox homeostasis and signalling. Earlier
concepts that regarded mitochondria as secondary to chloroplasts as the powerhouses of …

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

Plant cells integrate signals from external sources and from organelles to regulate gene
expression, referred to as anterograde and retrograde signaling, respectively. Functional …