Study objective This narrative review discusses the anatomy, mechanism of action,
techniques, pharmacology, indications, complications and substitutes for erector spinae …

Ultrasound‐guided fascial plane blocks of the chest wall are increasingly popular
alternatives to established techniques such as thoracic epidural or paravertebral blockade …

Background There is heterogeneity in the names and anatomical descriptions of regional
anesthetic techniques. This may have adverse consequences on education, research, and …

Background A precise anatomical understanding of the thoracic paravertebral space (TPVS)
is essential to understanding how an injection outside this space can result in paravertebral …

Various techniques for regional anesthesia and analgesia of the thorax are currently being
used in clinical practice. A recent international consensus has anatomically classified …

GLOSSARY CT= computed tomography; CTFB= costotransverse foramen block; ES=
epidural space; ESP= erector spinae plane; ESPB= erector spinae plane block; ICS …

An intertransverse process block (ITPB) is a paraspinal thoracic nerve block technique,
where the local anesthetic (LA) is injected into the thoracic intertransverse tissue complex …

Introduction Paraspinal fascial plane blocks have become popular and include the erector
spinae plane (ESP) and intertransverse process (ITP) blocks. Controversy exists regarding …

Background and objectives Studies show variable spread with thoracic erector spinae plane
(ESP) injections. Injection sites vary from lateral end of the transverse process (TP) to 3 cm …

Background Ultrasound guided costotransverse block (CTB) is a relatively new “peri-
paravertebral” block that has been described recently. It has been previously reported that …