Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

ABSTRACT Brassinosteroids (BRs) and gibberellins (GAs) are two groups of
phytohormones that regulate many common developmental processes throughout the plant …

Background Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) are the largest
group of receptor-like kinases in plants and play crucial roles in development and stress …

Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To
successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system …

The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic
filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses …

Plants are constantly exposed to a large and diverse array of microbes; however, most
plants are immune to the majority of potential invaders and susceptible to only a small …

Seed germination and innate immunity both have significant effects on plant life spans
because they control the plant's entry into the ecosystem and provide defenses against …

Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are sensed by pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) on cells of plants and animals. MAMP perception typically …

Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the
global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary …

Plant diseases caused by fungi are one of the major threats to global food security and
understanding the interactions between fungi and plants is of great significance for plant …