Animals and humans evolved sophisticated nervous systems that endowed them with the
ability to form internal-models or beliefs and make predictions about the future to survive and …

Communication, the effective delivery of information, is fundamental to life across all scales
and species. Nervous systems (by necessity) may be most specifically adapted among …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (CLARITY), and whole-brain light-sheet
imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to …

Primates interact with the world by exploring visual objects; they seek opportunities to view
novel objects even when these have no extrinsic reward value. How the brain controls this …

The dorsal striatum, the largest subcortical structure of the basal ganglia, is critical in
controlling motor, procedural, and reinforcement-based behaviors. Although in mammals the …

The basal ganglia control body movements, value processing and decision-making. Many
studies have shown that the inputs and outputs of each basal ganglia structure are …

Decision making is thought to be guided by the values of alternative options and involve the
accumulation of evidence to an internal bound. However, in natural behavior, evidence …

The striatal dopamine system has long been studied in the context of reward learning,
motivation, and movement. Given the prominent role dopamine plays in a variety of adaptive …

Dopamine neurons promote learning by processing recent changes in reward values, such
that reward may be maximized. However, such a flexible signal is not suitable for habitual …