Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal, is found in soil, environment and contaminated
water and food. Moreover, Cd is used in various industrial activities, such as electroplating …

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, for which the etiology is so complex that we are
currently unable to prevent it and effectively lower the statistics on mortality from …

Background Both exposure to toxic elements and hypertension (HT) are a global health
problem. We planned to examine the associations between some toxic elements in urine …

Background and aims: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally.
Apart from established CVD risk markers such as cholesterol and blood pressure, CVD risk …

Background. Cigarette smoke may cause harm not only to active smokers but also to those
in their vicinity (passive smokers). Cigarettes contain nicotine, which triggers the release of …