We comprehensively reviewed and organized the literature examining the relationship
between possible or future selves and current action. We distinguish studies focused on …

Students from higher–socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds show a persistent
advantage in academic outcomes over lower-SES students. It is possible that students' …

Will you be going to that networking lunch? Will you be tempted by a donut at 4 pm? Will you
be doing homework at 9 pm? If, like many people, your responses are based on your gut …

African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans aspire to do well in school but often fall
short of this goal. We use identity‐based motivation theory as an organizing framework to …

Highlights•People generally aspire to live meaningful lives but attainments often fall
short.•Contexts matter, identity-based motivation theory highlights how.•Social class is …

Retrieval practice is an effective strategy to promote long-term retention and learning, but
students do not always use it in the most effective ways. Applying various intervention …

Are people motivated by ease and sapped by difficulty, or the reverse, does ease undermine
motivation while difficulty bolsters it? Following identity-based motivation theory, whether …

Students value school success but often experience classroom norms implying that learning
is easy and succeeding in school is not difficult. Applying an identity-based motivation (IBM) …

Although research has indicated the association between child abuse and non-suicidal self-
injury (NSSI), few studies have examined their relationship in a particular sample of Chinese …

Although approach forms of achievement goals (mastery and performance goals) have been
shown to predict academic achievement in college, recent research underscores that these …