Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

The sleep cycle is characterized by alternating non–rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid
eye movement (REM) sleeps. The mechanisms by which this cycle is generated are …

Dopamine (DA) is a central monoamine neurotransmitter involved in many physiological
and pathological processes. A longstanding yet largely unmet goal is to measure DA …

Dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons are critically involved in a variety of
behaviors that rely on heightened arousal, but whether they directly and causally control the …

We define the chemoconnectome (CCT) as the entire set of neurotransmitters,
neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and their receptors underlying chemotransmission in an …

Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral
arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly …

A series of findings over the past decade has begun to identify the brain circuitry and
neurotransmitters that regulate our daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. The latter …

Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

Sleep disturbance is increasingly recognized as an important, but understudied, mechanism
in the complex and multi-factorial causation of the symptoms and functional disability …