Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous disorder that involves brain damage due to
external forces. TBI is the main factor of death and morbidity in young males with a high …

Since the original descriptions of postconcussive pathophysiology, there has been a
significant increase in interest and ongoing research to study the biological underpinnings of …

As the major cellular component of the innate immune system in the central nervous system
(CNS) and the first line of defense whenever injury or disease occurs, microglia play a …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity
worldwide, yet despite extensive efforts to develop neuroprotective therapies for this …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.
Neuroinflammation is prominent in the short and long-term consequences of neuronal …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people worldwide every year. The primary
impact initiates the secretion of pro-and anti-inflammatory factors, subsequent recruitment of …

Microglia are the primary mediators of the immune defense system of the CNS and are
integral to the subsequent inflammatory response. The role of microglia in the injured CNS is …

Following the primary mechanical impact, traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces the
simultaneous production of a variety of pro-and anti-inflammatory molecular mediators …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for the development of multiple
neurodegenerative diseases. With respect to the increasing prevalence of TBI, new …

Our knowledge of the pathophysiology about traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still limited.
Neutrophils, as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first-line transmigrated …