LPS is a potent trigger of macrophage-mediated inflammation. However, prolonged
exposure to LPS induces a state of tolerance that reprograms the inflammatory response …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major structural component of the outer wall of Gram-
negative bacteria, is a potent activator of macrophages. Activated macrophages produce a …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists induce a subset of TLR4-inducible
proinflammatory genes, which suggests the use of differential signaling pathways. Murine …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immune cells are the prime cellular sensors for microbial
components. TLR activation leads to the production of proinflammatory mediators and thus …

This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms of macrophage activation and
desensitization by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The most recent advances in the …

The human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is activated in response to
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and subsequent signal transductions lead to the production of …

Background & Aims: Despite the ability to participate in immune responses and the
continuous presence of bacteria and bacterial products, functional responses of intestinal …

Endotoxin tolerance was initially described when it was observed that animals survived a
lethal dose of bacterial endotoxin if they had been previously treated with a sublethal …

The phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance has been widely investigated, but to date, the
molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance remain to be resolved clearly. The discovery …

TLRs sense components of microorganisms and are critical host mediators of inflammation
during infection. Different TLR agonists can profoundly alter inflammatory effects of one …