Aims and objectives: Proficiency assessment is a key methodological consideration in the
field of bilingualism, and previous reviews have highlighted significant variability in both the …

The current study examined the extent to which cognitive fluency (CF) contributes to
utterance fluency (UF) at the level of constructs. A total of 128 Japanese-speaking learners …

The main purpose of the current study was to examine the relative significance of vocabulary
knowledge (VK) and syntactic knowledge (SK) in second language (L2) listening ability …

Throughout the history of applied linguistics,“practice” and “automatization” have frequently
elicited negative connotations with mechanical, mindless drills of structural patterns and …

Behavioral measures of incremental language comprehension difficulty form a crucial part of
the empirical basis of psycholinguistics. The two most common methods for obtaining these …

This chapter reports a methodological synthesis of experimental tasks used in research of
automaticity in second language (L2) comprehension. Our survey yielded 34 instances of …

Cognitive psychology research has shown that interleaving, wherein learners practice
multiple skills or concepts at once, facilitates learning more than does blocking, wherein …

This chapter presents an overview of extant research on practice and automatization.
Identifying what kind of “practice” is effective for automatization—the gradual and extended …

Practice is a recurring and popular theme in language education. However, the concepts of
practice and automatization have recently received renewed theoretical and practical …

This study examined the extent to which explicit instruction about first language (L1) and
second language (L2) processing routines improved the accuracy, speed, and automaticity …