Cytokines are proteins secreted in the central nervous system by neurons, microglia,
astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral immune cells under physiological and pathological …

The assessment of pain, distress and suffering, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of stress-
reduction strategies, is crucial in animal experimentation but can be challenging in …

The proliferation and activation of microglial cells is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative
conditions. This mechanism is regulated by the activation of the colony-stimulating factor 1 …

The mechanisms leading to neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease are poorly
understood. Many of these disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases …

Microglia, the macrophages of the central nervous system parenchyma, have in the normal
healthy brain a distinct phenotype induced by molecules expressed on or secreted by …

An important component of chronic neurodegenerative diseases is the generation of an
innate inflammatory response within the CNS. Microglial and astroglial cells play a key role …

For small rodents, nests are important in heat conservation as well as reproduction and
shelter. Nesting is easily measured in the home cages of mice, particularly with the advent of …

It is well known that systemic infections cause flare-ups of disease in individuals with asthma
and rheumatoid arthritis, and that relapses in multiple sclerosis can often be associated with …

Acute cognitive impairment (ie, delirium) is common in elderly emergency department
patients and frequently results from infections that are unrelated to the central nervous …

BACKGROUND: Chronic neurodegeneration results in microglial activation, but the
contribution of inflammation to the progress of neurodegeneration remains unclear. We have …