Despite all methodological efforts made in the last three decades, Western instruction
grounds on traditional principles. Most educational programs follow theories that are …

Researchers of cognitive load theory and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning have
identified several strategies to optimize instructional materials. In this review article we focus …

The signaling effect states that learners profit from cues that highlight the organization of
specific relevant information within materials. This meta-analysis includes 103 studies and …

Multimedia pedagogical agents are on-screen characters that allow users to navigate or
learn in multimedia environments. Several agents' characteristics may moderate their …

Speech and gesture are two vital components of communication. Gesture itself provides an
external support to speech, potentially promoting comprehension of a spoken message. The …

Technological advancements have recently enabled researchers to build increasingly
human-like agents with many of these agents being used for educational purposes. Despite …

Instructional videos are increasingly part of the teaching practices of educators across all
sectors. The most common theoretical lens used to design and evaluate instructional videos …

A meta-analysis consisting of 20 experiments (N= 3841) on the influence of pedagogical
agent (PA) gesturing in multimedia environments revealed that gestures have a small-to …

Lecturers in educational videos often use gestures to emphasize what has been said or
highlight learning relevant information, which is visible on the screen. However, differences …

Virtual Reality (VR) has been gaining importance due to its numerous advantages as an
immersive technology for learning applications. Next to being used in fields like …