Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles containing heterogeneous active biomolecules such as
proteins, lipids, mRNAs, receptors, immune regulatory molecules, and nucleic acids. They …

Esophageal cancer (EC) seriously threatens human health, and a promising new avenue for
EC treatment involves cancer immunotherapy. To improve the efficacy of EC immunotherapy …

Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cells (CAR-NK) promote off-the-shelf cellular therapy
for solid tumors and malignancy. However,, the development of CAR-NK is due to their …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known immune-modulators exerting a critical role in kidney
transplantation (KT). EV bioactive cargo includes graft antigens, costimulatory/inhibitory …

Angiogenesis is a pathological signature of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD).
Accumulating evidence has shown that notochordal cells (NCs) play an essential role in …

Exosomes are nanoscale phospholipid bilayer vesicles that can be artificially engineered
into vectors for the treatment of cancer. Circular RNA (circRNA), a type of non‑coding RNA …

Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles (30-150 nm) released from cells that contain
proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA. They can deliver bioactive molecules and serve as carriers …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal degenerative disorder
worldwide, and~ 40% of chronic low back pain cases are associated with IDD. Although the …

Transplantation (Tx) remains the optimal therapy for end-stage disease (ESD) of various
solid organs. Although alloimmune events remain the leading cause of long-term allograft …

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), which are released to body fluids (eg, serum, urine) by all
types of human cells, may stimulate or inhibit the innate and adaptive immune response …